Subspecialties at a glance
Most orthopedic surgeons do a one-year fellowship after residency. The fellowship usually defines what they do day-to-day.
- Sports medicine — knee (ACL, meniscus), shoulder (rotator cuff, labrum), elbow, ankle. Often arthroscopic. Sees both athletes and weekend warriors.
- Adult reconstruction (joint replacement) — total knee, total hip, partial knee, and revision arthroplasty for arthritis.
- Spine surgery — disc, stenosis, deformity, fusion. Done by orthopedic spine surgeons or neurosurgeons; both train in spine.
- Hand surgery — carpal tunnel, trigger finger, fracture fixation, microsurgery. Trained by either orthopedic surgeons or plastic surgeons.
- Foot and ankle — bunion, plantar fasciitis surgery, ankle replacement, complex reconstruction. Orthopedic foot-and-ankle surgeons vs. podiatric foot surgeons — both exist; ask about training.
- Orthopedic trauma — complex fractures, often pelvis, hip, and long-bone. Usually hospital-based.
- Pediatric orthopedics — growth-plate injuries, scoliosis, congenital conditions, cerebral palsy.
- Musculoskeletal oncology — bone and soft-tissue tumors.
When to see an orthopedic surgeon (vs. primary care, vs. PT)
Most musculoskeletal complaints do not need a surgeon as the first stop. A reasonable decision tree:
- Start with PT or primary care — gradual onset pain, no trauma, no major weakness. Most knee, back, and shoulder problems improve with structured PT.
- See an orthopedic surgeon — pain that is not improving after 6 weeks of conservative care, a clear mechanical injury (pop, instability, locking), an MRI showing a structural issue, or any joint that has been replaced before.
- Go to the ER — open wound, obvious deformity, inability to bear weight after trauma, sudden severe back pain with leg weakness or loss of bowel/bladder control.
Common procedures and rough recovery times
Recovery times vary widely by patient, surgeon, and protocol. Numbers below are typical ranges from AAOS patient education materials; your surgeon's plan takes precedence.
- Knee arthroscopy / meniscectomy — back to desk work in 1–2 weeks; full activity 4–6 weeks.
- ACL reconstruction — desk work in 1–2 weeks; running 4–6 months; full return to cutting sport 9–12 months.
- Rotator cuff repair — sling 4–6 weeks; PT 4–6 months; full strength up to a year.
- Total knee replacement (CPT 27447) — walking with a walker on day 1; driving 4–6 weeks; back to most activity 3–6 months; full recovery up to a year.
- Total hip replacement (CPT 27130) — similar to knee; many patients are walking unaided in 2–6 weeks.
- Carpal tunnel release — light use of the hand in days; full strength 6–8 weeks.
- Lumbar microdiscectomy — back to desk work in 1–2 weeks; lifting restrictions 6 weeks.